battle of okinawa deaths

Did Richard Duke of York Consider Becoming King of Ireland? Japanese high school girls wave farewell to a kamikaze pilot departing to Okinawa, A US military diagram of typical Japanese hill defensive tunnels and installations, A Japanese Type 89 150mm gun hidden inside a cave defensive system, On Okinawa, middle school boys were organized into front-line-service Tekketsu Kinnōtai, while Himeyuri students were organized into a nursing unit.[34]. Yahara advocated a defensive strategy, whilst Chō advocated an offensive one. S. Nichols, Jr., USMC and Henry I. Shaw, Jr", "The Final Campaign: Marines in the Victory on Okinawa (Assault on Shuri)", "Battle of Okinawa: The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War", "The Cornerstone of Peace – names to be inscribed", "Okinawa marks 62nd anniversary of WWII battle", "Ernie Pyle, trail-blazing war correspondent—Brought home the tragedy of D-Day and the rest of WWII", United States Army Center of Military History, "Japan's Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945", "The Basic Concept of the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum", "1945 suicide order still a trauma on Okinawa", "Japan's Textbooks Reflect Revised History", "EDITORIAL – Cornerstone of Peace: A Legacy of Bloodshed", "Military Intelligence Service Research Center: Okinawa", Defiant soldier saved lives of hundreds of civilians during Okinawa battle, "Pressure to prove loyalty paved way for mass suicides in Battle of Okinawa – AJW by The Asahi Shimbun", "3 Dead Marines and a Secret of Wartime Okinawa", "JAPAN Okinawa against Tokyo's attempts to rewrite history – Asia News", "110,000 protest history text revision order", Japan to amend textbook accounts of Okinawa suicides, Texts reinstate army's role in mass suicides: Okinawa prevails in history row, Oe testifies military behind Okinawa mass suicides, Director humanizes tragedy of Okinawan mass suicides, New high school texts say Japanese Imperial Army ordered WWII Okinawa suicides, "Second battle of Okinawa looms as China's naval ambition grows". [24][25][26] The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting, the intensity of Japanese kamikaze attacks, and the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island. Troops lived on a field sodden by rain, part garbage dump and part graveyard. The first Americans ashore were soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division, who landed in the Kerama Islands, 15 mi (24 km) west of Okinawa on March 26. [45], On May 29, Major General Pedro del Valle, commander of the 1st Marine Division, ordered Captain Julian D. Dusenbury of[46] Company A, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines, to capture Shuri Castle. After the battle, Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan in preparation for a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands. [34][73] Marine Corps officials in Okinawa and Washington have said that they knew of no rapes by American personnel in Okinawa at the end of the war. About 14,000 Japanese soldiers surrendered during the Battle for Okinawa, but almost all were Okinawan or Japanese mainland civilians drafted just before the battle. [51][52][53] The most complete tally of deaths during the battle is at the Cornerstone of Peace monument at the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum, which identifies the names of each individual who died at Okinawa in World War II. The IJN troops were led by Rear Admiral Minoru Ōta. The Air Force lost 763 planes. The last remnants of Japanese resistance ended on June 21, although some Japanese continued hiding, including the future governor of Okinawa Prefecture, Masahide Ōta. [89] In 2011, one official of the prefectural government told David Hearst of The Guardian: You have the Battle of Britain, in which your airmen protected the British people. "Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria". On May 13, troops of the 96th Infantry Division and 763rd Tank Battalion captured Conical Hill. [35], The United States Navy's Task Force 58, deployed to the east of Okinawa with a picket group of from 6 to 8 destroyers, kept 13 carriers (7 CVs and 6 CVLs) on duty from March 23 to April 27 and a smaller number thereafter. On June 4, elements of the 6th Marine Division launched an amphibious assault on the peninsula. Periodic heavy air attacks continued through April. The Japanese military also confiscated food from the Okinawans and executed those who hid it, leading to mass starvation, and forced civilians out of their shelters. [31] At the start of the Battle of Okinawa, the US 10th Army had 182,821 personnel under its command. Anyone sliding down the greasy slopes could easily find their pockets full of maggots at the end of the journey. There was heavy fighting before the Marines finally cleared Yae-Dake on April 18. (Therefore, all military strategies on both sides which presupposed this apparently-inevitable next development were immediately rendered moot.). The day after Buckner was killed, Brigadier General Easley was killed by Japanese machine gun fire. The Battle of Okinawa was a victory for the US but resulted in massive casualties on both sides. By the time the Battle of Okinawa came to an end on 22 June, American forces had suffered more than 45,000 casualties, including 12,500 killed. "[50] Yahara was the most senior officer to have survived the battle on the island, and he later authored a book titled The Battle for Okinawa. It lasted from April – June 1945. The 96th Infantry Division began to encounter fierce resistance in west-central Okinawa from Japanese troops holding fortified positions east of Highway No. One of the longest and costliest battles of the Pacific Theater, Okinawa saw American forces sustain 49,151 casualties (12,520 killed), while the Japanese incurred 117,472 (110,071 killed). 14,009 Allied deaths (over 12,500 Americans killed or missing) and 77,166 Japanese soldiers. The Marine Corps Historical Centre (1998) notes that: overall American losses in the land battle (on Okinawa) amounted to 7,374 killed, 31,807 wounded and 239 missing in action. The force withdrew to San Pedro Bay on April 23. "Press rewind: Trump, Tokyo and a welcome back to the 1980s", "Okinawa marks 68th anniversary of bloody WWII battle", "In Okinawa, Talk of Break From Japan Turns Serious", Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945, "The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner", "footage from the National Archives.By Sgt. Additional Japanese and renegade Okinawans were captured or surrendered over the next few months, bringing the total to 16,346. [96][page needed][97], In 1995, the Okinawa government erected a memorial monument named the Cornerstone of Peace in Mabuni, the site of the last fighting in southeastern Okinawa. The Japanese would hold each line of defence until the last possible moment, expending great manpower in the process, but when it became untenable they would retreat to the next line and begin the process again. Following the practice of changing the fleet designation with the change of commanders, US naval forces began the campaign as the US 5th Fleet under Admiral Raymond Spruance, but ended it as the 3rd Fleet under Admiral William Halsey. [99], Significant US forces remain garrisoned on Okinawa as the United States Forces Japan, which the Japanese government sees as an important guarantee of regional stability,[100] and Kadena remains the largest US air base in Asia. The Japanese attack was heavy, sustained, and well organized. The boat crews were re-formed into three additional infantry battalions.[40]. The ground advance began to resemble a World War I battlefield, as troops became mired in mud, and flooded roads greatly inhibited evacuation of wounded to the rear. [80] The ministry's Textbook Authorization Council allowed the publishers to reinstate the reference that civilians "were forced into mass suicides by the Japanese military", on condition it is placed in sufficient context. [60] This was the first battle in the Pacific War in which thousands of Japanese soldiers surrendered or were captured. [39][clarification needed], The ships lost were smaller vessels, particularly the destroyers of the radar pickets, as well as destroyer escorts and landing ships. On May 1, the British Pacific Fleet returned to action, subduing the airfields as before, this time with naval bombardment as well as aircraft. The capture of these two key positions exposed the Japanese around Shuri on both sides. The council report stated, "It can be said that from the viewpoint of the Okinawa residents, they were forced into the mass suicides. The United States created the Tenth Army, a cross-branch force consisting of the 7th, 27th, 77th, and 96th infantry divisions of the US Army with the 1st, 2nd, and 6th divisions of the Marine Corps, to fight on the island. MEXT preferred descriptions that just say that civilians received hand grenades from the Japanese military. Captain Dusenbury would later receive the Navy Cross for his actions.[46]. The ship was out of action for fifty minutes. The Battle of Okinawa began on 1 April, 1945 with the largest amphibious assault of the Pacific War. At the end of April, after Army forces had pushed through the Machinato defensive line,[44] the 1st Marine Division relieved the 27th Infantry Division, and the 77th Infantry Division relieved the 96th. The Battle of Okinawa stands as the costliest engagement of World War II in the Pacific. When the 6th Marine Division arrived, the III Amphibious Corps took over the right flank and the 10th Army assumed control of the battle. HMS Formidable on fire after a kamikaze attack on May 4. 1 and about 5 mi (8 km) northwest of Shuri, from what came to be known as Cactus Ridge. [82], The Nobel Prize-winning author Kenzaburō Ōe wrote a booklet which states that the mass suicide order was given by the military during the battle. The Japanese lost 16 ships and over 4,000 aircraft. [22][23] The Kerama Islands surrounding Okinawa were preemptively captured on March 26th, (L-6) by the 77th Infantry Division. As many as 100,000 civilians, or one quarter of the pre-war population of Okinawa, died during the campaign.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'historyhit_com-banner-1','ezslot_16',161,'0','0'])); Some were caught in the cross-fire, killed by American artillery or air attacks, which utilised napalm. The island of Okinawa … By doing so, they were able to fire 13,000 rounds in support, but effective American counter-battery fire destroyed dozens of Japanese artillery pieces. The battle of Okinawa was the last major battle in the Pacific Camgaign. "[84] In March 2008, the Osaka Prefecture Court ruled in favor of Ōe, stating, "It can be said the military was deeply involved in the mass suicides." The Battle of Okinawa is considered to be one of the bloodiest battles of the Pacific War and World War II. The British Pacific Fleet, taking part as Task Force 57, was assigned the task of neutralizing the Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands, which it did successfully from March 26 to April 10. [76], There is ongoing disagreement between Okinawa's local government and Japan's national government over the role of the Japanese military in civilian mass suicides during the battle. In addition, there were 9,000 IJN troops supported by 1,100 militia, with approximately 4,000 holed up at the underground headquarters on the hillside overlooking the Okinawa Naval Base in the Oroku Peninsula, east of the airfield. The battle was one of the bloodiest in the Pacific, with approximately 160,000 casualties on both sides: at least 50,000 Allied and 84,166–117,000 Japanese,[27][28] including drafted Okinawans wearing Japanese uniforms. By 1945, Japanese airpower was incapable of mounting any serious challenge one-on-one against their American counterparts. [69] American Military Intelligence Corps[70] combat translators such as Teruto Tsubota managed to convince many civilians not to kill themselves. In the north, Colonel Takehido Udo was in command. Battleships, cruisers, and destroyers joined the bombardment, which was followed by 650 Navy and Marine planes attacking the enemy positions with napalm, rockets, bombs, and machine guns. On April 10, its attention was shifted to airfields on northern Formosa. The Japanese land campaign (mainly defensive) was conducted by the 67,000-strong (77,000 according to some sources) regular 32nd Army and some 9,000 Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) troops at Oroku Naval Base (only a few hundred of whom had been trained and equipped for ground combat), supported by 39,000 drafted local Ryukyuan people (including 24,000 hastily drafted rear militia called Boeitai and 15,000 non-uniformed laborers). About half of the Tekketsu Kinnōtai were killed, including in suicide bomb attacks against tanks, and in guerrilla operations. [63], In its history of the war, the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum[62] presents Okinawa as being caught between Japan and the United States. [88] The military value of Okinawa "exceeded all hope". According to the account of the battle presented in Marine Corps Gazette: More mental health issues arose from the Battle of Okinawa than any other battle in the Pacific during World War II. Ryūkyū Shimpō, one of the two major Okinawan newspapers, wrote in 2007: "There are many Okinawans who have testified that the Japanese Army directed them to commit suicide. The Japanese army not only starved the Okinawans but used them as human shields. [49] Ushijima and Chō committed suicide by seppuku in their command headquarters on Hill 89 in the closing hours of the battle. A final assault on April 14 was again repulsed. [71] Survivors of the mass suicides blamed also the indoctrination of their education system of the time, in which the Okinawans were taught to become "more Japanese than the Japanese", and were expected to prove it. Buckner, Simon Bolivar Jr. and Joseph Stilwell. Japanese forces fought with the same fanaticism the Americans had witnessed in battles such as Iwo Jima. American personnel casualties included thousands of cases of mental breakdown. The super battleship Yamato explodes after persistent attacks from US aircraft. However, the civilians of Okinawa still bore the highest death toll of the battle with over 300,000 deaths. This is an order from your army Commander. American aircraft carrier USS Bunker Hill burns after being hit by two kamikaze planes within 30 seconds. A new online only channel for history lovers, Forgotten Allies: The Search for Burma’s Lost Heroes, Hitler’s Pact with Stalin with Roger Moorhouse, Stalin’s Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess – Chapter One. In March 2007, the national Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) advised textbook publishers to reword descriptions that the embattled Imperial Japanese Army forced civilians to kill themselves in the war to avoid being taken prisoner. On the sea the U.S. had over 5,000 dead and over 4,500 wounded. Local residents have protested against the size and presence of the base. The Japanese sent Okinawans at gunpoint out to obtain water and supplies for them, which led to civilian casualties. To this, would be added the Americans' abundant naval and air firepower. Among the Americans killed was Army Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., who was killed by Japanese artillery fire. At sea, 368 Allied ships—including 120 amphibious craft—were damaged while another 36—including 15 amphibious ships and 12 destroyers—were sunk during the Okinawa campaign. The official surrender ceremony was held on September 7, near Kadena airfield. Due to the surrender, the next anticipated series of battles – an invasion of the Japanese homeland – never occurred. The Japanese defenses were sited on reverse slopes, where the defenders waited out the artillery barrage and aerial attack in relative safety, emerging from the caves to rain mortar rounds and grenades upon the Americans advancing up the forward slope. Killed in action were 4,907 Navy, 4,675 Army, and 2,938 Marine Corps personnel. As the battle entered its final stages, Ushijima himself committed seppuku – ritual suicide. So critical was the capture of the island, that the United States mustered the largest amphibious assault force of the Pacific campaign, with 60,000 soldiers landing on the first day. This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 04:25. Six days later on April 13, the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Marine Regiment, reached Hedo Point (Hedo-misaki) at the northernmost tip of the island. The losses might have been greater except for the fact that the Japanese had practically all of their infantry reserves tied up farther south, held there by another feint off the Minatoga beaches by the 2nd Marine Division that coincided with the attack. [64] The museum writes that "some were blown apart by [artillery] shells, some finding themselves in a hopeless situation were driven to suicide, some died of starvation, some succumbed to malaria, while others fell victim to the retreating Japanese troops. Now we fired indiscriminately. The numbers correspond to recorded deaths during the Battle of Okinawa from the time of the American landings in the Kerama Islands on March 26, 1945, to the signing of the Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945, in addition to all Okinawan casualties in the Pacific War in the 15 years from the Manchurian Incident, along with those who died in Okinawa from war-related events in the year before the battle and the year after the surrender. Okinawa was the bloodiest battle of the Pacific War. [98] The memorial lists all the known names of those who died in the battle, civilian and military, Japanese and foreign. [10] The several thousand personnel who died indirectly (from wounds and other causes) at a later date are not included in the total. Americans always had great compassion, especially for children. Primary resistance was to be led in the south by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Isamu Chō and his chief of operations, Colonel Hiromichi Yahara. The operation provided a protected anchorage for the fleet and eliminated the threat from suicide boats. This means presented itself, with the advent of atomic bombs, which worked admirably in convincing the Japanese to sue for peace [unconditionally], without American casualties. For their part, by April 30, the Japanese had lost more than 1,100 planes to Allied naval forces alone. We watched each plunging, Civilian losses, suicides, and atrocities. We had the Battle of Okinawa, in which the exact opposite happened. The US Navy's dead exceeded its wounded, with 4,907 killed and 4,874 wounded, primarily from kamikaze attacks.[59]. The battle has been referred to as the "typhoon of steel" in English, and tetsu no ame ("rain of steel") or tetsu no bōfū ("violent wind of steel") in Japanese. 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